Literature type: Scientific
Journal: Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie
Volume: 3 , Pages: 347-362.
Language:
English
External Link:
Full reference: Ellrott, C. & Schmitz, G. 2009. Skull identification key for Central European waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 3: 347-362.
Keywords: Anser erythropus, morphology
Literature type: Scientific
Journal: Syst. Biol.
Volume: 45 , Pages: 415-450.
Language:
English
Full reference: Livezey, B.C. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of geese and swans (Anseriformes: Anserinae), including selected fossil species. Syst. Biol. 45: 415-450. https://www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/45.4.415
Keywords: phyologeni, distribution, fossil, morphology, ecomorphology, comparative analysis, cladistic, geese
Abstract:
A phylogenetic analysis of modern and selected fossil geese and swans was performed using 165 characters of the skeleton, trachea, and natal and definitive integument. Five shortest trees were found (length = 318; consistency index for informative characters = 0.634), which differed only in details of relationships among three species of Branta. Thetrees supported (1) †Cnemiornis as sister group to other taxa analyzed; (2) a sister group relationship between the moa-nalos of Hawaii and other geese and swans; (3) Cereopsis as sister group of Anser, Branta, Coscoroba, and Cygnus (contra Livezey, 1986, Auk 103:737–754); (4) monophyly of Anser, Branta, and †Geochen and confirmation of generic monophyly of each; and (5) Coscoroba as sister group to Cygnus. Selectiveexclusion of fossil taxa from the analysis variably affected inferred relationships and had substantial impacts on computational efficiency. Some nodes were not robust to bootstrapping: (1) nodes relating species groups within Anser, Cygnus, and †Thambetochen and (2) the node uniting Anser, Branta, Coscoroba, and Cygnus relative to Cereopsis. Bremer (decay) indices indicated similar differences in relative support for nodes. Skeletal characters were comparatively important in establishing higher order relationships, whereas integumentary characters were critical for lower order inferences. Constrained analyses revealed that other proposed phylogenetic hypotheses entailed variable penalities in parsimony. The shortest tree(s) was considered with respect to selected ecomorphological attributes (e.g., body mass, sexual size dimorphism, clutch size) and biogeography, and a revised phylogenetic classification of the geese and swans is proposed.
Literature type: Scientific
Journal: Ardea
Volume: 56 , Pages: 1-159.
Language:
English
External Link:
Full reference: Ploeger, P.L. 1968. Geographical differentiation in Arctic Anatidae as a result of isolation during the last glacial. Ardea 56: 1-159.
Keywords: Morphology, phylogeography
Number of results: 3